(expanding on my reply to you on twitter)
For the t-AGI framework, maybe you should also specify that the human starts the task only knowing things that are written multiple times on the internet. For example, Ed Witten could give snap (1-second) responses to lots of string theory questions that are WAY beyond current AI, using idiosyncratic intuitions he built up over many years. Likewise a chess grandmaster thinking about a board state for 1 second could crush GPT-4 or any other AI that wasn’t specifically and extensively trained on chess by humans.
A starting point I currently like better than “t-AGI” is inspired the following passage in Cal Newport’s book Deep Work:
[Deciding whether an activity is “deep work” versus “shallow work”] can be more ambiguous. Consider the following tasks:
- Example 1: Editing a draft of an academic article that you and a collaborator will soon submit to a journal.
- Example 2: Building a PowerPoint presentation about this quarter’s sales figures.
- Example 3: Attending a meeting to discuss the current status of an important project and to agree on the next steps. It’s not obvious at first how to categorize these examples.
The first two describe tasks that can be quite demanding, and the final example seems important to advance a key work objective. The purpose of this strategy is to give you an accurate metric for resolving such ambiguity—providing you with a way to make clear and consistent decisions about where given work tasks fall on the shallow-to-deep scale. To do so, it asks that you evaluate activities by asking a simple (but surprisingly illuminating) question:
How long would it take (in months) to train a smart recent college graduate with no specialized training in my field to complete this task?
In the case of LLM-like systems, we would replace “smart recent college graduate” with “person who has read the entire internet”.
This is kinda related to my belief that knowledge-encoded-in-weights can do things that knowledge-encoded-in-the-context-window can’t. There is no possible context window that turns GPT-2 into GPT-3, right?
So when I try to think of things that I don’t expect LLM-like-systems to be able to do, I imagine, for example, finding a person adept at tinkering, and giving them a new machine to play with, a very strange machine unlike anything on the internet. I ask the person to spend the next weeks or months understanding that machine. So the person starts disassembling it and reassembling it, and they futz with one of the mechanism and see how it affects the other mechanisms, and they try replacing things and tightening or loosening things and so on. It might take a few weeks or months, but they’ll eventually build for themselves an exquisite mental model of this machine, and they’ll be able to answer questions about it and suggest improvements to it, even in only 1 second of thought, that far exceed what an LLM-like AI could ever do.
Maybe you’ll say that example is unfair because that’s a tangible object and robotics is hard. But I think there are intangible examples that are analogous, like people building up new fields of math. As an example from my own life, I was involved in early-stage design for a new weird type of lidar, including figuring out basic design principles and running trade studies. Over the course of a month or two of puzzling over how best to think about its operation and estimate its performance, I wound up with a big set of idiosyncratic concepts, with rich relationships between them, tailored to this particular weird new kind of lidar. That allowed me to have all the tradeoffs and interrelationships at the tip of my tongue. If someone suggested to use a lower-peak-power laser, I could immediately start listing off all the positive and negative consequences on its performance metrics, and then start listing possible approaches to mitigating the new problems, etc. Even if that particular question hadn’t come up before. The key capability here is not what I’m doing in the one second of thought before responding to that question, rather it’s what I was doing in the previous month or two, as I was learning, exploring, building concepts, etc., all specific to this particular gadget for which no remotely close analogue existed on the internet.
I think a similar thing is true in programming, and that the recent success of coding assistants is just because a whole lot of coding tasks are just not too deeply different from something-or-other on the internet. If a human had hypothetically read every open-source codebase on the internet, I think they’d more-or-less be able to do all the things that Copilot can do without having to think too hard about it. But when we get to more unusual programming tasks, where the hypothetical person would need to spend a few weeks puzzling over what’s going on and what’s the best approach, even if that person has previously read the whole internet, then we’re in territory beyond the capabilities of LLM programming assistants, current and future, I think. And if we’re talking about doing original science & tech R&D, then we get into that territory even faster.
How long would it take (in months) to train a smart recent college graduate with no specialized training in my field to complete this task?
This doesn't seem like a great metric because there are many tasks that a college grad can do with 0 training that current AI can't do, including:
I do think that there's something important about this metric, but I think it's basically subsumed by my metric: if the task is "spend a month doing novel R&D for lidar", then my framework predicts that we'll need 1-month AGI for that. If the task is instead "answer the specific questions about lidar which this expert has been studying", then I claim that this is overfitting and therefore not a fair comparison; even if you expand it to "questions about lidar in general" there's probably a bunch of stuff that GPT-4 will know that the expert won't.
For the t-AGI framework, maybe you should also specify that the human starts the task only knowing things that are written multiple times on the internet. For example, Ed Witten could give snap (1-second) responses to lots of string theory questions that are WAY beyond current AI, using idiosyncratic intuitions he built up over many years. Likewise a chess grandmaster thinking about a board state for 1 second could crush GPT-4 or any other AI that wasn’t specifically and extensively trained on chess by humans.
I feel pretty uncertain about this, actually. Sure, there are some questions that don't appear at all on the internet, but most human knowledge is, so you'd have to cherry-pick questions. And presumably GPT-4 has also inferred a bunch of intuitions from internet data which weren't explicitly written down there. In other words: even if this is true, it doesn't feel centrally relevant.
Ah, that’s helpful, thanks.
Sure, there are some questions that don't appear at all on the internet, but most human knowledge is, so you'd have to cherry-pick questions.
I think you’re saying “there are questions about string theory whose answers are obvious to Ed Witten because he happened to have thought about them in the course of some unpublished project, but these questions are hyper-specific, so bringing them up at all would be unfair cherry-picking.”
But then we could just ask the question: “Can you please pose a question about string theory that no AI would have any prayer of answering, and then answer it yourself?” That’s not cherry-picking, or at least not in the same way.
And it points to an important human capability, namely, figuring out which areas are promising and tractable to explore, and then exploring them. Like, if a human wants to make money or do science or take over the world, then they get to pick, endogenously, which areas or avenues to explore.
But then we could just ask the question: “Can you please pose a question about string theory that no AI would have any prayer of answering, and then answer it yourself?” That’s not cherry-picking, or at least not in the same way.
But can't we equivalently just ask an AI to pose a question that no human would have a prayer of answering in one second? It wouldn't even need to be a trivial memorization thing, it could also be a math problem complex enough that humans can't do it that quickly, or drawing a link between two very different domains of knowledge.
I think the “in one second” would be cheating. The question for Ed Witten didn’t specify “the AI can’t answer it in one second”, but rather “the AI can’t answer it period”. Like, if GPT-4 can’t answer the string theory question in 5 minutes, then it probably can’t answer it in 1000 years either.
(If the AI can get smarter and smarter, and figure out more and more stuff, without bound, in any domain, by just running it longer and longer, then (1) it would be quite disanalogous to current LLMs [btw I’ve been assuming all along that this post is implicitly imagining something vaguely like current LLMs but I guess you didn’t say that explicitly], (2) I would guess that we’re already past end-of-the-world territory.)
Why is it cheating? That seems like the whole point of my framework - that we're comparing what AIs can do in any amount of time to what humans can do in a bounded amount of time.
Whatever. Maybe I was just jumping on an excuse to chit-chat about possible limitations of LLMs :) And maybe I was thread-hijacking by not engaging sufficiently with your post, sorry.
This part you wrote above was the most helpful for me:
if the task is "spend a month doing novel R&D for lidar", then my framework predicts that we'll need 1-month AGI for that
I guess I just want to state my opinion that (1) summarizing a 10,000-page book is a one-month task but could come pretty soon if indeed it’s not already possible, (2) spending a month doing novel R&D for lidar is a one-month task that I think is forever beyond LLMs and would require new algorithmic breakthroughs. That’s not disagreeing with you per se, because you never said in OP that all 1-month human tasks are equally hard for AI and will fall simultaneously! (And I doubt you believe it!) But maybe you conveyed that vibe slightly, from your talk about “coherence over time” etc., and I want to vibe in the opposite direction, by saying that what the human is doing during that month matters a lot, with building-from-scratch and exploring a rich hierarchical interconnected space of novel concepts being a hard-for-AI example, and following a very long fiction plot being an easy-for-AI example (somewhat related to its parallelizability).
Yeah, I agree I convey the implicit prediction that, even though not all one-month tasks will fall at once, they'll be closer than you would otherwise expect not using this framework.
I think I still disagree with your point, as follows: I agree that AI will soon do passably well at summarizing 10k word books, because the task is not very "sharp" - i.e. you get gradual rather than sudden returns to skill differences. But I think it will take significantly longer for AI to beat the quality of summary produced by a median expert in 1 month, because that expert's summary will in fact explore a rich hierarchical interconnected space of concepts from the novel (novel concepts, if you will).
Good post! I think I basically agree with you except I think that I would add that the stuff that can't be done by the end of 2025 will be doable by the end of 2027 (with the possible exception of manual labor, that might take another year or two). Whereas I take it you think it'll take longer than that for e.g. robustly pursuing a plan over multiple days to happen.
Care to say what you think there -- how long until e.g. AI R&D has been dramatically accelerated by AIs doing much of the cognitive labor? How long until e.g. a souped-up version of AutoGPT can carry out a wide range of tasks on the internet/computers, stringing them together to coherently act towards goals on timespans of multiple days? (At least as coherently as a typical human professional, let's say?)
My default (very haphazard) answer: 10,000 seconds in a day; we're at 1-second AGI now; I'm speculating 1 OOM every 1.5 years, which suggests that coherence over multiple days is 6-7 years away.
The 1.5 years thing is just a very rough ballpark though, could probably be convinced to double or halve it by doing some more careful case studies.
Thanks. For the record, my position is that we won't see progress that looks like "For t-AGI, t increases by +1 OOM every X years" but rather that the rate of OOMs per year will start off slow and then accelerate. So e.g. here's what I think t will look like as a function of years:
| Year | Richard (?) guess | Daniel guess |
| 2023 | 1 | 5 |
| 2024 | 5 | 15 |
| 2025 | 25 | 100 |
| 2026 | 100 | 2000 |
| 2027 | 500 | Infinity (singularity) |
| 2028 | 2,500 | |
| 2029 | 10,000 | |
| 2030 | 50,000 | |
| 2031 | 250,000 | |
| 2032 | 1,000,000 |
I think this partly because of the way I think generalization works (I think e.g. once AIs have gotten really good at all 2000-second tasks, they'll generalize quickly with just a bit more scaling, tuning, etc. to much longer tasks) and partly because of R&D acceleration effects where e.g. once AIs have gotten really good at all 2000-second tasks, AI research can be partially automated and will go substantially faster, getting us to 10,000-second tasks quicker, which then causes further speedup in R&D, etc.
This also is related to the crux between me and Ajeya Cotra, between me and Paul Christiano, between me and Rohin Shah... I think their view is that the "2020 AGI/TAI training requirements" variable is a lot higher than I think (they are thinking something like 1e36 FLOP, I'm thinking something like 1e29) because they are thinking you'll need to do lots and lots of long-horizon training to get systems that are good at long-horizon tasks, whereas I'm thinking you'll be able to get away with mostly training on shorter tasks and then a bit of fine-tuning on longer tasks.
Hello,
Your viewpoint is very interesting. I have two questions.
If we use an "expert threshold" to define advanced artificial intelligence, what would the threshold for superintelligence be? There are exceptional individuals, such as Leonardo da Vinci or Einstein, who could be considered superintelligent.
I believe, in order to be a fair comparison, superintelligence should be compared to these rare cases. Yet, we lack sufficient data on such individuals, and even if we had the data, our current systems might not comprehend these unique forms of intelligence. What's your perspective on this?
Also, you characterized superintelligence as the equivalent of 8 billion AI systems working for one year. However, it's impractical to have 8 billion people collaborate on a task for a year. How should this be measured appropriately?
Thank you.
This post is a slightly-adapted summary of two twitter threads, here and here.
The t-AGI framework
As we get closer to AGI, it becomes less appropriate to treat it as a binary threshold. Instead, I prefer to treat it as a continuous spectrum defined by comparison to time-limited humans. I call a system a t-AGI if, on most cognitive tasks, it beats most human experts who are given time t to perform the task.
What does that mean in practice?
Some clarifications:
And very briefly, some of the intuitions behind this framework:
Predictions motivated by this framework
Here are some predictions—mostly just based on my intuitions, but informed by the framework above. I predict with >50% credence that by the end of 2025 neural nets will:
The best humans will still be better (though much slower) at:
FWIW my actual predictions are mostly more like 2 years, but others will apply different evaluation standards, so 2.75 (as of when the thread was posted) seems more robust. Also, they're not based on any OpenAI-specific information.
Lots to disagree with here ofc. I'd be particularly interested in: