I’m sympathetic to the idea that it would be good to have concrete criteria for when to stop a pause, were we to start one. But I also think it’s potentially quite dangerous, and corrosive to the epistemic commons, to expect such concreteness before we’re ready to give it. 

I’m first going to zoom out a bit—to a broader trend which I’m worried about in AI Safety, and something that I believe evaluation-gating might exacerbate, although it is certainly not the only contributing factor.   

I think there is pressure mounting within the field of AI Safety to produce measurables, and to do so quickly, as we continue building towards this godlike power under an unknown timer of unknown length. This is understandable, and I think can often be good, because in order to make decisions it is indeed helpful to know things like “how fast is this actually going” and to assure things like “if a system fails such and such metric, we'll stop.” 

But I worry that in our haste we will end up focusing our efforts under the streetlight. I worry, in other words, that the hard problem of finding robust measurements—those which enable us to predict the behavior and safety of AI systems with anywhere near the level of precision we have when we say “it’s safe for you to get on this plane”—will be substituted for the easier problem of using the measurements we already have, or those which are close by; ones which are at best only proxies and at worst almost completely unrelated to what we ultimately care about.

And I think it is easy to forget, in an environment where we are continually churning out things like evaluations and metrics, how little we in fact know. That when people see a sea of ML papers, conferences, math, numbers, and “such and such system passed such and such safety metric,” that it conveys an inflated sense of our understanding, not only to the public but also to ourselves. I think this sort of dynamic can create a Red Queen’s race of sorts, where the more we demand concrete proposals—in a domain we don’t yet actually understand—the more pressure we’ll feel to appear as if we understand what we’re talking about, even when we don’t. And the more we create this appearance of understanding, the more concrete asks we’ll make of the system, and the more inflated our sense of understanding will grow, and so on.

I’ve seen this sort of dynamic play out in neuroscience, where in my experience the ability to measure anything at all about some phenomenon often leads people to prematurely conclude we understand how it works. For instance, reaction times are a thing one can reliably measure, and so is EEG activity, so people will often do things like… measure both of these quantities while manipulating the number of green blocks on a screen, then call the relationship between these “top-down” or “bottom-up” attention. All of this despite having no idea what attention is, and hence no idea if these measures in fact meaningfully relate much to the thing we actually care about. 

There are a truly staggering number of green block-type experiments in the field, proliferating every year, and I think the existence of all this activity (papers, conferences, math, numbers, measurement, etc.) convinces people that something must be happening, that progress must be being made. But if you ask the neuroscientists attending these conferences what attention is, over a beer, they will often confess that we still basically have no idea. And yet they go on, year after year, adding green blocks to screens ad infinitum, because those are the measurements they can produce, the numbers they can write on grant applications, grants which get funded because at least they’re saying something concrete about attention, rather than “I have no idea what this is, but I’d like to figure it out!”

I think this dynamic has significantly corroded academia’s ability to figure out important, true things, and I worry that if we introduce it here, that we will face similar corrosion.

Zooming back in on this proposal in particular: I feel pretty uneasy about the messaging, here. When I hear words like “responsible” and “policy” around a technology which threatens to vanquish all that I know and all that I love, I am expecting things more like “here is a plan that gives us multiple 9’s of confidence that we won’t kill everyone.” I understand that this sort of assurance is unavailable, at present, and I am grateful to Anthropic for sharing their sketches of what they hope for in the absence of such assurances. 

But the unavailability of such assurance is also kind of the point, and one that I wish this proposal emphasized more… it seems to me that vague sketches like these ought to be full of disclaimers like, “This is our best idea but it’s still not very reassuring. Please do not believe that we are safely able to prevent you from dying, yet. We have no 9’s to give.” It also seems to me like something called a “responsible scaling plan” should at the very least have a convincing story to tell about how we might get from our current state, with the primitive understanding we have, to the end-goal of possessing the sort of understanding that is capable of steering a godly power the likes of which we have never seen.   

And I worry that in the absence of such a story—where the true plan is something closer to “fill in the blanks as we go”—that a mounting pressure to color in such blanks will create a vacuum, and that we will begin to fill it with the appearance of understanding rather than understanding itself; that we will pretend to know more than we in fact do, because that’s easier to do in the face of a pressure for results, easier than standing our ground and saying “we have no idea what we’re talking about.” That the focus on concrete asks and concrete proposals will place far too much emphasis on what we can find under the streetlight, and will end up giving us an inflated sense of our understanding, such that we stop searching in the darkness altogether, forget that it is even there…

I agree with you that having concrete asks would be great, but I think they’re only great if we actually have the right asks. In the absence of robust measures and evaluations—those which give us high confidence about the safety of AI systems—in the absence of a realistic plan to get those, I think demanding them may end up being actively harmful. Harmful because people will walk away feeling like AI Safety “knows” more than it does and will hence, I think, feel more secure than is warranted. 

Thanks for writing this, Evan! I think it's the clearest writeup of RSPs & their theory of change so far. However, I remain pretty disappointed in the RSP approach and the comms/advocacy around it.

I plan to write up more opinions about RSPs, but one I'll express for now is that I'm pretty worried that the RSP dialogue is suffering from motte-and-bailey dynamics. One of my core fears is that policymakers will walk away with a misleadingly positive impression of RSPs. I'll detail this below:

What would a good RSP look like?

• Clear commitments along the lines of "we promise to run these 5 specific tests to evaluate these 10 specific dangerous capabilities."
• Clear commitments regarding what happens if the evals go off (e.g., "if a model scores above a 20 on the Hubinger Deception Screener, we will stop scaling until it has scored below a 10 on the relatively conservative Smith Deception Test.")
• Clear commitments regarding the safeguards that will be used once evals go off (e.g., "if a model scores above a 20 on the Cotra Situational Awareness Screener, we will use XYZ methods and we believe they will be successful for ABC reasons.")
• Clear evidence that these evals will exist, will likely work, and will be conservative enough to prevent catastrophe
• Some way of handling race dynamics (such that Bad Guy can't just be like "haha, cute that you guys are doing RSPs. We're either not going to engage with your silly RSPs at all, or we're gonna publish our own RSP but it's gonna be super watered down and vague").

What do RSPs actually look like right now?

• Fairly vague commitments, more along the lines of "we will improve our information security and we promise to have good safety techniques. But we don't really know what those look like.
• Unclear commitments regarding what happens if evals go off (let alone what evals will even be developed and what they'll look like). Very much a "trust us; we promise we will be safe. For misuse, we'll figure out some way of making sure there are no jailbreaks, even though we haven't been able to do that before."
  • Also, for accident risks/AI takeover risks... well, we're going to call those "ASL-4 systems". Our current plan for ASL-4 is "we don't really know what to do... please trust us to figure it out later. Maybe we'll figure it out in time, maybe not. But in the meantime, please let us keep scaling."
• Extremely high uncertainty about what safeguards will be sufficient. The plan essentially seems to be "as we get closer to highly dangerous systems, we will hopefully figure something out."
• No strong evidence that these evals will exist in time or work well. The science of evaluations is extremely young, the current evals are more like "let's play around and see what things can do" rather than "we have solid tests and some consensus around how to interpret them."
• No way of handling race dynamics absent government intervention. In fact, companies are allowed to break their voluntary commitments if they're afraid that they're going to lose the race to a less safety-conscious competitor. (This is explicitly endorsed in ARC's post and Anthropic includes such a clause.)

Important note: I think several of these limitations are inherent to current gameboard. Like, I'm not saying "I think it's a bad move for Anthropic to admit that they'll have to break their RSP if some Bad Actor is about to cause a catastrophe." That seems like the right call. I'm also not saying that dangerous capability evals are bad-- I think it's a good bet for some people to be developing them.

Why I'm disappointed with current comms around RSPs

Instead, my central disappointment comes from how RSPs are being communicated. It seems to me like the main three RSP posts (ARC's, Anthropic's, and yours) are (perhaps unintentionally?) painting and overly-optimistic portrayal of RSPs. I don't expect policymakers that engage with the public comms to walk away with an appreciation for the limitations of RSPs, their current level of vagueness + "we'll figure things out later"ness, etc. 

On top of that, the posts seem to have this "don't listen to the people who are pushing for stronger asks like moratoriums-- instead please let us keep scaling and trust industry to find the pragmatic middle ground" vibe. To me, this seems not only counterproductive but also unnecessarily adversarial. I would be more sympathetic to the RSP approach if it was like "well yes, we totally think it'd great to have a moratorium or a global compute cap or a kill switch or a federal agency monitoring risks or a licensing regime", and we also think this RSP thing might be kinda nice in the meantime. Instead, ARC implies that the moratorium folks are unrealistic, and tries to say they operate on an extreme end of the spectrum, on the opposite side of those who believe it's too soon to worry about catastrophes whatsoever.

(There's also an underlying thing here where I'm like "the odds of achieving a moratorium, or a licensing regime, or hardware monitoring, or an agency that monitors risks and has emergency powers— the odds of meaningful policy getting implemented are not independent of our actions. The more that groups like Anthropic and ARC claim "oh that's not realistic", the less realistic those proposals are. I think people are also wildly underestimating the degree to which Overton Windows can change and the amount of uncertainty there currently is among policymakers, but this is a post for another day, perhaps.)

I'll conclude by noting that some people have went as far as to say that RSPs are intentionally trying to dilute the policy conversation. I'm not yet convinced this is the case, and I really hope it's not. But I'd really like to see more coming out of ARC, Anthropic, and other RSP-supporters to earn the trust of people who are (IMO reasonably) suspicious when scaling labs come out and say "hey, you know what the policy response should be? Let us keep scaling, and trust us to figure it out over time, but we'll brand it as this nice catchy thing called Responsible Scaling."

This post seems mostly reasonable in retrospect, except that it doesn't specifically note that it seems unlikely that voluntary RSP commitments would result in AI companies unilaterally pausing until they were able to achieve broadly reasonable levels of safety. I wish the post more strongly emphasized that regulation was a key part of the picture---my view is that "voluntary RSPs are pauses done right" is wrong, but "RSPs via (international) regulation are pauses done right" seems like it could be roughly right. That said, I do think that purely voluntary RSPs are pretty reasonable and useful, at least if the relevant company is transparent about when they would proceed despite being unable to achieve a reasonable level of safety.

As of now at the start of 2025, I think we know more information that makes this plan looks worse.^[1] I don't see a likely path to ensuring 80% of companies have a reasonble RSP in short timelines. (For instance, not even Anthropic has expanded their RSP to include ASL-4 requirements about 1.5 years after the RSP came out.) And, beyond this, I think the current regulatory climate is such that we might not get RSPs enforced in durable regulation^[2] applying to at least US companies in short timelines even if 80% of companies had good RSPs.

Thanks for writing this up.
I agree that the issue is important, though I'm skeptical of RSPs so far, since we have one example and it seems inadequate - to the extent that I'm positively disposed, it's almost entirely down to personal encounters with Anthropic/ARC people, not least yourself. I find it hard to reconcile the thoughtfulness/understanding of the individuals with the tone/content of the Anthropic RSP. (of course I may be missing something in some cases)

Going only by the language in the blog post and the policy, I'd conclude that they're an excuse to continue scaling while being respectably cautious (though not adequately cautious). Granted, I'm not the main target audience - but I worry about the impression the current wording creates.

I hope that RSPs can be beneficial - but I think much more emphasis should be on the need for positive demonstration of safety properties, that this is not currently possible, and that it may take many years for that to change. (mentioned, but not emphasized in the Anthropic policy - and without any "many years" or similar)

It's hard to summarize my concerns, so apologies if the following ends up somewhat redundant.
I'll focus on your post first, and the RSP blog/policy doc after that.

Governments are very good at solving “80% of the players have committed to safety standards but the remaining 20% are charging ahead recklessly” because the solution in that case is obvious and straightforward.

There's an obvious thing to do here. It's far from obvious that it's a solution.
One of my main worries with RSPs is that they'll be both [plausibly adequate as far as governments can tell] and [actually inadequate]. That's much worse than if they were clearly inadequate.

RSPs are clearly and legibly risk-based: they specifically kick in only when models have capabilities that are relevant to downstream risks.

They kick in when we detect that models have capabilities that we realize are relevant to downstream risks.
Both detection and realization can fail.

My main worry here isn't that we'll miss catastrophic capabilities in the near term (though it's possible). Rather it's the lack of emphasis on this distinction: that tests will predictably fail to catch problems, and that there's a decent chance some of them fail before we expect them to.

Using understanding of models as the final hard gate is a condition that—if implemented correctly—is intuitively compelling and actually the thing we need to ensure safety.

This could use greater emphasis in the RSP blog/doc.

Ideally, we should get the governmental RSPs to be even stronger!

Yes!

We need to make sure that, once we have solid understanding-based evals, governments make them mandatory.

We need governments to make them mandatory before they're necessary, not once we have them (NB, not [before it's clear they're necessary] - it might not be clear). I don't expect us to have sufficiently accurate understanding-based evals before they're necessary. (though it'd be lovely)

Pushing to require state-of-the-art safety techniques is the wrong emphasis.
We need to push for adequate safety techniques. If state-of-the-art techniques aren't yet adequate, then labs need to stop.

Thoughts on the blog/doc themselves. Something of a laundry list, but hopefully makes clear where I'm coming from:

1. My top-level concern is overconfidence: to the extent that we understand what's going on, and things are going as expected, I think RSPs similar to Anthropic's should be pretty good. This gives me very little comfort, since I expect catastrophes to occur when there's something unexpected that we've failed to understand.
   1. Both the blog post and the policy document fail to make this sufficiently clear.
   2. Examples:
      1. From the blog: "On the one hand, the ASL system implicitly requires us to temporarily pause training of more powerful models if our AI scaling outstrips our ability to comply with the necessary safety procedures. But it does so in a way that directly incentivizes us to solve the necessary safety issues as a way to unlock further scaling...".
         1. This is not true: the incentive is to satisfy the conditions in the RSP. That's likely to mean that the lab believes they've solved the necessary safety issues. They may not be correct about that.
         2. To the extent that they triple-check even after they think all is well, that's based on morality/self-preservation. The RSP incentives do not push that way. Incorrectly believing they push that way doesn't give me confidence.
      2. No consideration of the possibility of jumping from ASL-(n) to ASL-(n+2).
      3. No consideration of a model being ASL-(n+1), but showing no detectable warning signs beyond ASL-n. (there's a bunch on bumping into ASL-n before expecting to - but not on this going undetected)
      4. I expect the preceding to be unusual; conditional on catastrophe, I expect something unusual has happened.
2. On evals:
   1. Demanding capabilities may be strongly correlated, so that it doesn't matter too much if we fail to test for everything important. Alternatively, it could be the case that we do need to cover all the bases, since correlations aren't as strong as we expect. In that case, [covering all the bases that we happen to think of] may not be sufficient. (this seems unlikely, but possible, to me)
   2. More serious is the possibility that there are methods of capability elicitation/amplification that the red-teamers don't find. For example, if no red-teamer had thought to try chain-of-thought approaches, capabilities might have been missed. Where is the guarantee that nothing like this is missed?
      I don't see any correlation-based defense here - it seems quite possible that some ways to extract capabilities are just much better than others. What confidence level should we have that testing finds the best ways?
   3. Why isn't it emphasized that red-teaming can show that something is dangerous, but not that it's safe? Where's the discussion around how often we should expect tests to fail to catch important problems? Where's the discussion around p(model is dangerous | model looks safe to us)? Is this low? Why? When? When will this change? How will we know?...
   4. In general the doc seems to focus on [we're using the best techniques currently available], and fails to make a case that [the best techniques currently available are sufficient].
      1. E.g. page 16: "Evaluations should be based on the best capabilities elicitation techniques we are aware of at the time"
      2. This worries me because governments/regulators are used to situations where state-of-the-art tests are always adequate (since building x tends to imply understanding x, outside ML). Therefore, I'd want to see this made explicit and clear.
         1. This is the closest I can find, but it's rather vague:
            "Complying with higher ASLs is not just a procedural matter, but may sometimes require research or technical breakthroughs to give affirmative evidence of a model’s safety (which is generally not possible today)..."
            It'd be nice if the reader couldn't assume throughout that the kind of research/breakthrough being talked about is the kind that's routinely doable within a few months, rather than the kind that may take a decade.
3. Miscellaneous:
   1. From the policy document, page 2:
      "As AI systems continue to scale, they may become capable of increased autonomy that enables them to proliferate and, due to imperfections in current methods for steering such systems, potentially behave in ways contrary to the intent of their designers or users."
      1. To me "...imperfections in current methods..." seems misleading - it gives the impression that labs basically know what they're doing on alignment, but need to add a few tweaks here and there. I don't believe this is true, and I'd be surprised to learn that many at Anthropic believe this.
   2. Policy doc, page 3:
      "Rather than try to define all future ASLs and their safety measures now (which would almost certainly not stand the test of time)..."
      This seems misleading since it's not hard to define ASLs and safety measures which would stand the test of time: the difficult thing is to define measures that stand the test of time, but allow scaling to continue.
      
      There's an implicit assumption here that the correct course is to allow as much scaling as we can get away with, rather than to define strict measures that would stop things for the foreseeable future - given that we may be overconfident.
      I don't think it's crazy to believe the iterative approach is best, but I do think it deserves explicit argument. If the argument is "yes, stricter measures would be nice, but aren't realistic right now", then please say this (not just here in your post, I mean - somewhere clear to government people).
      
      In particular, I think it's principled to make clear that a lab would accept more strict conditions if they were universally enforced than those it would unilaterally adopt.
      Conversely, I find it worrying for a lab to say "we're unilaterally doing x, and we think [everyone doing x] is the thing to aim for", since I expect the x that makes unilateral sense to be inadequate as a global coordination target.
   3. Page 10:
      "We will manage our plans and finances to support a pause in model training if one proves necessary"
      This seems nice, but gives the impression more of [we might need to pause for six months] than [we might need to pause for ten years]. Given that the latter seems possible, it seems important to acknowledge that radical contingency plans would be necessary for this - and to have such plans (potentially with government assistance, and/or [stuff that hasn't occurred to me]).
      Without that, there'll be an unhelpful incentive to cut corners or to define inadequate ASLs on the basis that they seem more achievable.

The point is that advocating for a “pause” is nebulous and non-actionable

Setting aside the potential advantages of RSPs, this strikes me as a pretty weird thing to say. I understand the term "pause" in this context to mean that you stop building cutting-edge AI models, either voluntarily or due to a government mandate. In contrast, "RSP" says you eventually do that but you gate it on certain model sizes and test results and unpause it under other test results. This strikes me as a bit less nebulous, but only a bit.

I'm not quite sure what's going on here - it's possible that the term "pause" has gotten diluted? Seems unfortunate if so.

• A capabilities evaluation is defined as “a model evaluation designed to test whether a model could do some task if it were trying to. ...
• A safety evaluation is defined as “a model evaluation designed to test under what circumstances a model would actually try to do some task. ...

I propose changing the term for this second type of evaluation to "propensity evaluations". I think this is a better term as it directly fits the definition you provided: "a model evaluation designed to test under what circumstances a model would actually try to do some task".

Moreover, I think that both capabilities evaluations and propensity evaluations can be types of safety evaluations. Therefore, it's misleading to label only one of them as "safety evaluations". For example, we could construct a compelling safety argument for current models using solely capability evaluations.

Either can be sufficient for safety: a strong argument based on capabilities (we've conclusively determined that the AI is too dumb to do anything very dangerous) or a strong argument based on propensity (we have a theoretically robust and empirically validated case that our training process will result in an AI that never attempts to do anything harmful).

Alternatively, a moderately strong argument based on capabilities combined with a moderately strong argument based on propensity can be sufficient, provided that the evidence is sufficiently independent.